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Gender-Based Violence as a Weapon of War: The Case of Boko Haram
Veiglová, Lucie ; Kocmanová, Markéta (advisor) ; Karásek, Tomáš (referee)
Gender-based violence during armed conflicts is not a new phenomenon; it has been present in society for many centuries. It had its greatest impact during the 20th century, when it was just beginning to receive considerable attention not only from scholars but also from the global public. However, attention has focused only on its most well-known and common form - sexual violence. However, it was mainly thanks to the work of feminist scholars that other forms of violence were exposed in the second half of the 20th century, including psychological and physical violence, forced marriages, forced pregnancies or abortions, female genital mutilation, and the use of women as instruments of war and suicide bombers. This thesis examines gender-based violence against women and girls in northeastern Nigeria by Boko Haram. It aims to find out how Boko Haram has affected the level of gender-based violence in the country, whether it has brought about new trends in the phenomenon and how it has affected the lives of women and girls. In doing so, the thesis draws on strategic rape theory and feminist theory, the combination of which provides a framework for explaining gender-based violence by Boko Haram, which both uses women and girls as strategic objects, but moreover is inherently based on a strongly...
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International protection of children in armed conflicts
Čechlovská, Soňa ; Hýbnerová, Stanislava (advisor) ; Ondřej, Jan (referee)
Children are particularly vulnerable individuals and therefore, they have particular rights under international law that recognize their special need for protection. Armed conflicts constitute the biggest threat to them. I have chosen this topic for admiring the strength of children affected by armed conflicts to face all the problems brought by armed conflicts. On the other hand, children are indispensable in reconciliation and reconstruction of society. The aim of the thesis is to describe and analyze the protection provided by law to the children affected by armed conflicts and the application of those provisions. Chapter One deals with these questions. Chapter Two is introductory and is subdivided into five parts. Part One describes the relation between international humanitarian law (IHL) and international human rights law and their applicability. Part Two deals with the absence of universally applicable definition of "armed conflict" and the applicability of legal instruments. Part Three briefly introduces basic ideas of protection of children in armed conflicts. Part Four defines the term "child" and explains possible problems of universally accepted definition. Part Five analyzes contemporary armed conflicts and the impact on children, whether they participate (directly or indirectly) in...
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Child soldier in international law
Arlethová, Lucie ; Hýbnerová, Stanislava (advisor) ; Ondřej, Jan (referee)
"Child soldier from the perspective of International Law" (Thesis title) This diploma thesis deals with a protection of a child and relation between international humanitarian law and human rights law. The main emphasis is put on particular legal agreements governing status of children in armed conflicts and providing them with protection. In this work are also discussed merits of particular international conventions, as well as issues of their application and supervision. The first chapter pursues rise in interest of society in position of child soldiers and inspects motives and causes of participation of children in armed conflicts. After that the thesis explores historical connection between children and their involvement in armed conflicts. In the end it considers impact of those conflicts on physical and mental health of children and consequences, which arise by their involvement in armed conflicts. The second chapter focuses on defining fundamental terms such as child and armed conflict. Those terms are studied further in accordance with individual and different ways of interpretation of particular conventions. This chapter points out, that decisive criteria for the involvement of children in government's armed forces or non-state army and therefore for their protection is age. The difference...
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Protection of cultural assets in case of occupation
Blšťáková, Tereza ; Bílková, Veronika (advisor) ; Ondřej, Jan (referee)
The Protection of Cultural Property during Occupation Cultural property represents an integral part of every nation, it completes the identity of the individual as well as that of humanity as a whole. Because of its specific character, it represents a unique and valuable source for the understanding of history, and creates a sense of belonging to a community, either in its national or in its worldwide sense. Cultural property has a special, irreplaceable meaning for society; its character, existence and continuity and must therefore be protected. The risks that cultural property faces are of two different kinds: either independent of human will or, on the other hand, connected with human activity. Dangers for cultural property are naturally present even during the time of peace. On the other hand, cultural property represents especially vulnerable objects during the time of armed conflict or occupation. Even though during the time of armed conflict the protection of human lives, especially of persons not involved in actual fighting, plays the paramount role, it is nevertheless important to provide protection to cultural property as well. The aim of my thesis is to provide an overview and framework of existing mechanisms for the protection of cultural property in the event of armed conflict,...
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Cultural property in armed conflicts: Typical motivations causing their destruction
Pelikánová, Eva ; Kučera, Tomáš (advisor) ; Bruner, Tomáš (referee)
In recent years protection of cultural property in the event of armed conflicts has become largely mentioned issue. Despite broad international legal codification of principles to prevent destruction of cultural property in the event of armed conflicts, destruction of cultural property obviously occurs. Within discussion on their protection, attention is not so paid to the values of cultural property representing for interested actors not merely in the event of armed conflicts. Attention is not much paid also to the motivations leading actors to destroy cultural property in the event of armed conflicts. The thesis is based on current state of knowledge both in academic or international law and it focuses on exploring motivations leading actors to destroy cultural property in the event of armed conflicts. To answer the research question: "What motivators are leading actors to actively destroy cultural monuments in armed conflicts?" is proceeded from analysis of literature that expounds the motivations for the destruction of cultural property in the event of armed conflicts. These motivations will be understood as theoretical explanations of destruction for the purposes of the work, and on the basis of five case studies, their validity will be checked. The subsequent synthesis of the conclusions of...
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The role of the UN in the emergence of independent East Timoer
Váňa, Radek ; Karásek, Tomáš (advisor) ; Parízek, Michal (referee)
This bachelor thesis deals with the conflict in East Timor. It focuses on the role which the UN played during the formation of the independent Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste. At first, it describes the history of the island which provides a background for the subsequent research. The next part examines the causes which led to the independence of East Timor. Finally, the last passage is devoted to the role played by the UN with a special focus on the period between 1999 and 2002. This thesis is conceived as a case study. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Cultural property in armed conflicts: Typical motivations causing their destruction
Pelikánová, Eva ; Kučera, Tomáš (advisor) ; Bruner, Tomáš (referee)
In recent years protection of cultural property in the event of armed conflicts has become largely mentioned issue. Despite broad international legal codification of principles to prevent destruction of cultural property in the event of armed conflicts, destruction of cultural property obviously occurs. Within discussion on their protection, attention is not so paid to the values of cultural property representing for interested actors not merely in the event of armed conflicts. Attention is not much paid also to the motivations leading actors to destroy cultural property in the event of armed conflicts. The thesis is based on current state of knowledge both in academic or international law and it focuses on exploring motivations leading actors to destroy cultural property in the event of armed conflicts. To answer the research question: "What motivators are leading actors to actively destroy cultural monuments in armed conflicts?" is proceeded from analysis of literature that expounds the motivations for the destruction of cultural property in the event of armed conflicts. These motivations will be understood as theoretical explanations of destruction for the purposes of the work, and on the basis of five case studies, their validity will be checked. The subsequent synthesis of the conclusions of...
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Cultural property in armed conflicts: Typical motivations causing their destruction
Pelikánová, Eva ; Kučera, Tomáš (advisor) ; Bruner, Tomáš (referee)
In recent years protection of cultural property in the event of armed conflicts has become largely mentioned issue. Despite broad international legal codification of principles to prevent destruction of cultural property in the event of armed conflicts, destruction of cultural property obviously occurs. Within discussion on their protection, attention is not so paid to the values of cultural property representing for interested actors not merely in the event of armed conflicts. Attention is not much paid also to the motivations leading actors to destroy cultural property in the event of armed conflicts. The thesis is based on current state of knowledge both in academic or international law and it focuses on exploring motivations leading actors to destroy cultural property in the event of armed conflicts. To answer the research question: "What motivators are leading actors to actively destroy cultural monuments in armed conflicts?" is proceeded from analysis of literature that expounds the motivations for the destruction of cultural property in the event of armed conflicts. These motivations will be understood as theoretical explanations of destruction for the purposes of the work, and on the basis of five case studies, their validity will be checked. The subsequent synthesis of the conclusions of...
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The causes of systemic sexual violence in the armed conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo
Svobodová, Karolina ; Karásek, Tomáš (advisor) ; Bílková, Veronika (referee) ; Werkman, Kateřina (referee)
Karolina Svobodová The Causes of Sexual Violence in the Armed Conflict in the DRC abstract My dissertation thesis (The Motivations of Sexual Violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) is a case study of sexual violence in armed conflict in the DRC examining and analysing the causes of its intensity and extent. The main research questions of the study are: - What are the causes of the systematic sexual violence in the armed conflict in the DRC? - Why sexual violence in the armed conflict in the DRC occurs in the large extent and with high intensity? The research theoretically stems from the constructivism as one of the three main scientific approaches to sexual violence in armed conflicts. Since the constructivism presents male and female identities as social constructs, it seems as the best approach to sexual violence where gender of victims and perpetrators is often generalized by supporters of essentialism. Hence, the inherent neutralism of constructivism makes it very suitable instrument for an empirical research. Further, the study works with combination of feminism, cultural anthropology, and feminist evolutionary psychology in the construtivist framework. This blend may seem incoherent but it allows a complex insight into the issue of sexual violence in the DRC and an interpretation of its...
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